What is a Computer Program?

Computer Program is a set of instructions that directs a computer to perform some processing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follows the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out some function directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM (random access memory), hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems, so that they may be used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS/2, and UNIX. Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the computer program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code—a format that the operating system will recognize as a proper program and be able to execute. Three types of applications programs translate from source code to object code: compilers, interpreters, and assemblers. The three operate differently and on different types of programming languages, but they serve the same purpose of translating from a programming language into machine language.

Computer Memory

Expanded Memory, in computer science, on IBM PCs and compatible computers, a type of physical memory, up to 8 megabytes (MB), that can be added to machines based on the Intel 8086/8088 microprocessor or to machines with 80286/80386/80486 microprocessors running MS-DOS in real (8086-emulation) mode. The use of expanded memory is defined by the Expanded Memory Specification (EMS). Because it represents memory that is not normally accessible to programs running under MS-DOS, expanded memory requires an interface called the Expanded Memory Manager (EMM), which maps pages (blocks) of bytes from expanded memory onto reserved areas called “page frames” in an accessible memory area. Only EMS-compatible software can make use of expanded memory.

Extended Memory, in computer science, system memory beyond 1 megabyte (MB) in computers based on the Intel 80286/386/486 microprocessors. This memory is accessible only when the processor is operating in protected mode or in virtual real mode on the 386/486. Extended memory is not typically available to MS-DOS programs. However, it is available to OS/2 programs and can be made available to MS-DOS programs by the use of software that temporarily places the processor into protected mode or by the use of 386/486 features to remap portions of extended memory into conventional memory based on the EMS conventions.

How to add memory to a Laptop Computer

This article walks you through adding memory to your laptop computer. Adding memory to your laptop is a very simple process and it takes about 10-15 minutes. See also How to choose the right memory for your system.

First steps:
Discharge your self to avoid any electro static charges in your body. Locate the memory cover located on the bottom of the laptop. The first thing we need to do is turn off your laptop. Once it is completely off you will need to locate the cover for the memory compartment on the bottom of your laptop. The memory cover will be a square area with one or more screws to attach a cover to the bottom of your laptop. There are usually several compartments located on the bottom of laptop computers, some labeled and some not. Generally the cover for memory is square and 3 or 4 inches long/wide.

Second steps:
Once you have located the cover of the laptop memory you will need to remove it by using a small Phillips screwdriver. After the screws are removed the cover generally pops off or swings upward depending on the model of laptop. Once you have removed the cover you will see one or more memory chips. Laptops generally have two slots for memory chips.

Third steps:
Memory retaining lever now that we have located the laptop memory and removed the cover it is time to add the memory. If both memory slots are full you may need to remove one or both memory chips to put in your new memory depending on how much memory you purchased and the size. To remove the memory from the computer you will need to locate the release levers generally located on each side of memory. You will need to gently pull the lever away from the side of the memory to release it. Once the levers are release you will be able to gently pull the memory out of the socket.

Fourth Steps:
Now that we have removed the memory we can now add the new memory to your laptop computer. To do this you will want to slide the new memory into the socket where the old memory was removed or the socket that was empty. You will need to be careful during this process as the memory only fits one way. Never force the memory into the slot. Once you have the memory in the socket you will need to gently press down toward the bottom of the laptop in order to secure the holding levers around the sides of the new memory. Now attach the memory compartment cover and start your computer.

How to Choose the Right Memory for Your System

Adding RAM to your PC usually delivers the most speed for your system, but only if you buy the right kind of memory module for your PC. There are more types of PC RAM. Do you want SDRAM, PC100, nonparity, or unbuffered DIMM? Why not enjoy a refreshing DDR SDRAM, PC2700, CL2.5, or registered DIMM? Here are the ins and outs of PC memory. Begin by checking your system's user manual to identify the types of RAM your PC's motherboard supports. If you don't have the manual, visit the manufacturer's Web site and search for downloadable manuals or other tools that might help you find the information you need for identifying the right RAM for your PC. Enter the make and model of your PC or motherboard to generate a list of compatible RAM types.

Before you buy consider the following:
Maximum module size: Find out the maximum size of memory module that your PC supports. Don't buy a module larger than what your motherboard's memory slots can each accommodate.
RAM and connector types: Determine which of the four types of RAM your system uses: DRAM (EDO or FPM), SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, or RDRAM. All four types are mounted on one of three module types: SIMM, DIMM, or RIMM.
Most machines support only one type of RAM and have one type of module or connector, so mixing types isn't an option. The few motherboards that do accept two types of RAM allow only a single type to be used at any one time.
Memory speed: SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and RDRAM are rated to match or exceed the PC's frontside bus speed (FSB), which is the speed at which data moves between the CPU and RAM. If your system comes with PC66 SDRAM, you can use PC100 SDRAM to replace it and get the faster speed, as long as your PC's frontside bus supports the higher rate. But if you mix RAM of different speeds, all RAM will operate at the speed of the slowest chip.
Memory banks: On some PCs, the memory slot closest to the CPU--usually called bank 0--must be filled before the motherboard's other memory slots. On other systems, bank 0 must have the largest RAM module (if you are using modules of different sizes). There's no fixed rule, so check your PC's documentation.
Column address strobe: The lower the CAS rating--or the CL rating--is, the better. SDRAM comes in CL2 or CL3 types, and DDR SDRAM comes in CL2 or CL2.5. Unless your motherboard requires a specific CAS or CL rating, get the lower (faster) rated module. Cost differences should be negligible. Again, if you mix modules of different speeds, they'll all operate at the slowest module's speed.

By: Techlabcapiz and Hectic Capiznon Bloggers 2009

How to add RAM for a faster PC

First, what is RAM? RAM is called as Random Access Memory. Speeding up your computer's memory remains one of the most popular upgrade to do. It's inexpensive, it's relatively easy, and it can dramatically improve performance of your PC. And today's memory-hungry software can make upgrading your PC's RAM a virtual necessity. For example, Microsoft XP recommends at least 128MB of memory; 256MB is better, however, and 512MB is better still. Now here a step by step procedure on how to add RAM for your system.

1. Place your computer's power switch in the off position and disconnect the AC power cord.
2. Follow the instructions in your owner's manual that describe how to locate your computer's memory expansion sockets.
3. Before touching any electronic components or opening the package containing your new module(s), discharge yourself first by touching an unpainted, grounded metal object to discharge any electrostatic electricity you may have stored on your body or clothing.
4. Handle your new module(s) with care; do not flex or bend the module(s). Always grasp the module by its edges.
5. The module and the expansion socket are keyed. A small plastic bridge in the socket must align with the curved notch in the module. The bridge ensures the module can only be plugged into the socket one way.
6. Insert the module into the socket at a slight angle. Make sure the module is completely seated in the socket. If you're having problems inserting the module into the socket, stop and examine both the module and the socket; make sure the notch in the module is properly aligned with the keyed plastic bridge in the socket. Do not force the module into the socket. If too much force is used, both the socket and module could be damaged.
7. Once you are satisfied the module is seated properly in the socket, rotate the module upward until the clips at each end of the expansion socket click into place.
8. 
   After all modules have been installed, reinstall any other cables that may have been disconnected during the installation process. close the computer, plug in the AC power cord, and turn on the computer to see if the new memory has been installed correctly or if you see a memory check during POST (Power On Self Test) in the BIOS.

By: Techlabcapiz and Hectic Capiznon BLoggers 2009

Kingston HyperX DDR3 Memory is here!

The King is back with a vengeance. Kingston is one of the big wigs when it comes to producing memory modules. Kingston HyperX DDR3 memory modules have made some impressive strides; the DDR2 modules are amongst the highest quality out there. And with DDR3 showing clock frequencies up to the 2000MHz range now, Kingston is on the front line of clock power. Kingston HyperX DDR3 memory the next generation of DDR memory technology. Like all Kingston HyperX products, DDR3 modules are specifically engineered and designed to meet the rigorous requirements of PC enthusiasts. DDR3 memory offers faster speeds, lower latencies, higher data bandwidths and lower power consumption than DDR2. Kingston HyperX DDR3 modules are available in single, dual and triple-channel memory kits. Intel has decided to move into the high performance market with its XMP or Extreme Memory Profile technology on their X38 and X48 chipsets, a derivative of the NVIDIA Extreme Performance Profiles. Basically, how this works is the memory is rated to do either 1600MHz or 1800MHz on an X38 or X48 chipset. The XMP data is written onto a separate EEPROM chip on the memory with improved timing data, voltage requirements and settings. When you select a XMP Profile, the modules tell the motherboards memory controller what latencies, voltage and bus speed to run at; the rest is history. Today Kingston enters the XMP market with the highest clocked XMP kit we have seen thus far, that being 1800MHz. Just imagine putting this king into compatible motherboards like NForce 790i SLI Motherboard this will be a monster machine.

HyperX DDR3 features:
1. 1.7 Volts operation
2. Memory signal termination inside the memory chip (On-Die Termination) to prevent reflected signal transmission errors
3. Operational enhancements to increase memory performance, efficiency and timing margins
4. CAS Latencies: 5 (Ultra Low Latency) and 7 (Low Latency)
5. Currently available in speeds up to 2GHz and capacities of 2GB, 3GB, and 4GB kits

6. DDR3 memory modules are not backward compatible to DDR2 and DDR based motherboards, due to incompatible module connections (number of pins), voltage and DRAM technology. DDR3 memory modules have a different key or notch than the same-sized DDR and DDR2 modules to prevent their insertion into an incompatible memory socket. Kingston HyperX DDR3 Memory modules are available in single, dual and triple-channel memory kits.